Iceland’s volcanoes are awe-inspiring and formidable. For millions of years, these eruptions have shaped the island’s dramatic landscapes, creating breathtaking beauty and attracting thrill-seekers from around the world. But they have also brought devastation.
Understanding the history of Iceland volcano eruptions is key to appreciating the land’s unique volcanic system and ensuring the safety of its people. In this blog, we’ll dive into some of the most famous volcanic eruptions Iceland has experienced, exploring their history, impact, and the lessons they’ve left behind.
Iceland Volcano Eruptions: The Basics
Volcanoes are one of Earth’s most prolific and, ironically, destructive architects. Roughly defined as openings or vents through which magma starts to escape, volcanoes have created more than 80% of our planet’s surface, including the magnificent land of fire and ice.
In Iceland, volcanic eruptions hold a special place in the landscape, mountain ranges and the cultural identity of the nation. With around 130 volcanoes, 32 of which are currently active, Iceland is a hotspot for volcanic activity, primarily due to its location on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and between rift zones, where the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates meet. On average, a volcano erupts in Iceland, every five years, but in recent years, activity has surged, with new eruptions occurring almost annually
Icelandic eruptions take various forms, ranging from explosive outbursts that produce volcanic ash plumes to effusive eruptions, where molten lava flows steadily eruption from fissures and craters. The frequency and scale of eruptions can vary greatly, ranging from small, localized events to large eruptions that capture global attention and, unfortunately, cause extraordinary destruction. Some eruptions create vast lava fields, leaving behind dramatic geological formations that define Iceland’s ever-changing terrain.
This abundance of volcanic activity continues to draw thrill seekers and nature enthusiasts to Iceland to witness its mesmerizing volcanic activity. Experiencing the raw power of an Icelandic volcano eruption in person is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Thanks to its extraordinary volcanic activity, Iceland remains a magnet for adventurous travelers eager to explore its raw and ever-changing terrain. From guided hikes to volcanic craters to helicopter tours soaring above active fissures, opportunities to experience Iceland’s dramatic geology are plentiful.
Whether you’re tracing ancient lava fields or watching new ones take shape, few places on Earth offer such an up-close encounter with the planet’s primal forces.
Iceland Volcanic Eruption and Tourism: Is it Safe?
Volcanic tourism can be a safe and thrilling experience. Still, as a visitor, it’s important to always be aware of potential risks and take necessary precautions when visiting sites known for volcanic eruptions in Iceland.
As a volcanic hotspot, Icelandic authorities are dedicated to researching and monitoring volcanic activity throughout the island. Iceland’s volcanic eruptions are highly monitored, with dozens of seismic stations across the territory. That said, as with everything in nature, the unpredictability of volcanoes means that conditions can change rapidly.
Here are some safety tips for exploring Iceland’s volcanic eruptions responsibly.
- Stay Informed: Before embarking on any volcanic tours or excursions or exploring in your campervan rental, stay updated on the current risks of volcanic eruption in Iceland current and any other significant seismic activity.
- Monitor official sources such as the Icelandic Meteorological Office for alerts and advisories.
- Choose Reputable Tour Operators: Book tours with experienced guides who prioritize safety and follow strict protocols. Research companies, read reviews, and ask for recommendations to make sure you’re booking with a reputable operator.
- Follow Guide Instructions: During the tour, pay attention to the instructions provided by your guide and follow their safety precautions at all times. They are knowledgeable about the local terrain and can advise you on the safest routes and actions to take in the event of an emergency. Never risk your safety for a photo or venture into restricted areas
- Respect Safety Barriers: Be aware of any safety barriers or signs indicating restricted areas near volcanic sites or marking recent eruptions. Iceland has hundreds of these barriers in place for your protection and to prevent accidents. Even dormant-looking volcanoes can pose significant dangers, including sudden eruptions, toxic gases and unstable terrain.
- Be Prepared for Emergencies: Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures and know how to respond in the event of an unexpected occurrence, such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes or severe weather conditions.
- Stay Together: If traveling in a group, keep close and communicate with your travel buddies. Avoid wandering off alone, especially in remote or unfamiliar areas.
7 Famous Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland
- Eldgjá (934-940 AD)
South Iceland’s Eldgja is the largest volcanic canyon in the world. The first of Iceland’s volcanic eruptions occurred in 934 AD. This was a fissure eruption originating from the Laki fissure system and remains the largest lava flow recorded in history! Its 19.7 cubic kilometers of lava that covered a quarter of the island permanently reshaping its landscape. The resulting ash cloud from the eruption disrupted plant growth and contributed to hardships for the Icelanders.
- Katla (934 AD)
A subglacial volcano hidden beneath the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Iceland’s southern coast, the famous Iceland volcano Katla has a powerful history of eruptions. In fact, it is known to be one of the most active Icelandic volcanoes, with records showing that 28 eruptions have occurred throughout Iceland’s history. This subglacial volcano is notorious for its devastating jökulhlaups—massive glacial floods triggered by eruptions The 934 AD eruption produced one of the largest jökulhlaups ever recorded, and inundated vast areas of southern Iceland. Jökulhlaups from Katla have historically claimed lives and damaged vegetation.
- Laki (1783-1784)
The Laki eruption is easily one of the most devastating Icelandic volcanic eruptions in recorded history. Unlike a single mountain exploding this 220-kilometer eruptive fissure spewed toxic gases and ash for eight months, causing famine and deaths across Iceland. The sulfur dioxide cloud formed a ’Laki haze’ and affected the global climate by lowering temperatures. However, the weathered lava also created fertile land in Iceland and the volcanic heat generated by the eruption is harnessed today as geothermal energy.
- Eldfell (1973)
In January 1973, a previously unknown fissure opened up beneath the small Icelandic island of Heimaey, less than a mile from the nearby town of Vestmannaeyjar. The newly formed volcano was named Eldfell, or “Hill of Fire,” erupted for six consecutive months, burying most of the town in ash and destroying hundreds of homes. The severe magma intrusion forced the evacuation of around 5,000 residents. An enormous effort was made to slow down and control the lava flow by continuously spraying seawater. Despite the destruction and the evacuated town no lives were lost, thanks to the heroic efforts of the residents and the Icelandic coast guard.
- Eyjafjallajökull (2010)
Eyjafjallajökull, a stratovolcano located beneath the eponymous ice cap in southern Iceland, gained global notoriety in March 2010. This eruption sent a massive ash plume into the atmosphere, becoming so widespread that flights were affected across Europe. Over 100,000 flights were canceled, leaving millions of passengers stranded. The event underscored how even minor eruptions can have severe international consequences, with such events disrupting travel and daily life far beyond Iceland’s borders.
Even though it’s incredibly popular, Eyjafjallajökull isn’t even close to being Iceland’s most active volcano. Compared to some past eruptions, the 2010 eruption was a minor event.
- Fagradalsfjall (March 2021)
In 2021, the Fagradalsfjall eruption made headlines when it became the first significant volcanic activity in the Reykjanes region in over 800 years. The eruption resulted in towering lava flows emerging from Geldingadalur Valley, capturing the attention of people worldwide and drawing thousands of visitors to the area to witness the spectacle firsthand. In August 2022, the Fagradalsfjall volcano erupted again, this time in the Meradalir Valley, continuing the volcanic activity that had begun the previous year. Seismic and GPS monitoring continue to track Fagradalsfjall, as models suggest that more eruptions tend to follow in cycles.
- Sundhnjúkagígar (2023-2024)
The recent eruptions on Iceland’s Reykjanes Peninsula began in December 2023, following weeks of intense seismic activity. Sundhnjúkagígar crater erupted again followed by additional eruptions from fissures measuring more than three kilometers in length. This prompted the temporary closure of the famous Blue Lagoon hot springs as a precautionary measure. Iceland’s latest volcano eruption began on November 20, 2024, and has raised concerns about magma accumulating beneath Svartsengi and the potential for a future eruption in this geologically active area.
When was the Last Iceland Volcano Eruption?
Iceland’s latest volcanic eruption occurred on November 20, 2024, in the Sundhnúkur crater row on the Reykjanes Peninsula. This event marked the seventh eruption in the region since December 2023, highlighting the area’s ongoing volcanic activity. The eruption produced significant lava flows, comparable in intensity to previous eruptions, and prompted the evacuation of nearby areas, including Grindavík and the Blue Lagoon. Authorities closed roads near the eruption site and advised tourists to stay away from the area due to the potential release of noxious gases, which could pose a threat to public health. The eruption has caused visible changes to the landscape, with new magma chambers forming a fantastical terrain.
Grindavík has experienced six volcanic eruptions over the past year, leading to substantial evacuation efforts and property damage. Despite the ongoing risks, the town reopened to tourists, although visitors were cautioned about unstable ground, gas pollution, and the presence of hot steam rising from the fissures. The disruption has also affected local businesses, with some temporarily closing due to safety concerns.
The continuous volcanic activity on the Reykjanes Peninsula has altered the landscape and heightened awareness of the region’s seismic nature. Scientists are closely tracking magma accumulation beneath Svartsengi and other fissures, as new intrusions are likely to trigger further eruptions in the coming months. Residents and visitors in nearby areas are urged to remain vigilant, as Icelandic volcanoes tend to follow cyclical eruption patterns. While the eruptions bring challenges, they also provide valuable insights into the island’s dynamic geological processes, with ongoing monitoring helping authorities to manage potential risks more effectively.
Local authorities continue to closely monitor developments in seismic activity, and visitors are urged to stay informed and follow safety guidelines. For the latest information on all Iceland volcano eruptions, monitor updates from the Icelandic Meteorological Office and the Icelandic Civil Protection Department.
Explore Iceland with Rent.is
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From experiencing dramatic volcanic eruptions to relaxing in geothermal hot springs, you’ll have shelter, flexibility, and access to nature—all right at your fingertips. Plus, with the freedom to visit remote areas and hidden gems, you’ll truly discover Iceland off the beaten path. Don’t miss out on the adventure of a lifetime—book your camper rental in Iceland today and start your unforgettable journey!